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Appendix 5: Chronology of Events Related to the U.S.-North Korean Agreed Framework
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Apr. 1-4:
KEDO and North Korea met in Hyangsan and agreed on text for the Training Protocol on an ad referendum basis. Under Article VII of the supply agreement, KEDO shall design and implement a comprehensive training program for North Korea's operation and maintenance of the LWR plants. According to KEDO, the training protocol specifies the details of this training program, and is to be signed as soon as KEDO and North Korea complete respective internal procedures.328
Apr. 3:
Admiral Dennis Blair, commander-in-chief of U.S. forces in the Pacific, said the greatest potential flashpoint in the Asia-Pacific region was North Korea.329
Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi suffered a stroke and lapsed into a coma. Former Secretary General of the Liberal Democrats Yoshiro Mori was selected as the new Japanese leader on April 5.330
Apr. 4-8:
Japan and North Korea resumed normalization talks in Pyongyang. Japanese Ambassador Kojiro Takano and North Korea's Chung Tae-hwa headed their respective delegations. The agenda for the talks included a discussion of Pyongyang's demand for compensation for the Japanese occupation of Korea and the alleged abduction of Japanese citizens by Pyongyang agents. The talks ended with no major agreement, but established another round of talks for late May in Tokyo.331
Apr. 5-7:
KEDO and North Korea held an explanatory meeting in North Korea. KEDO presented the
South Korea's Standard Review Guidelines, which KEDO will apply in its review of the LWR project, to the North Korean regulatory experts as a tool for a systematic and efficient safety review of nuclear power plants.332
AMCHAM (American Chamber of Commerce in Korea) leaders met with U.S. Ambassadors Wendy Sherman and Charles Kartman to enlist Washington's help in its pursuit of access to North Korea. As part of its attempts to enter North Korea, AMCHAM has established the North Korea Committee comprising 90 member companies. There has been little progress mainly due to slow progress on U.S.-North Korean diplomatic ties and limited access restrictions.333
Apr. 7:
According to the Yomiuri Shimbun, the United States told North Korea that progress on the issue of the alleged abductions of Japanese citizens by North Korea was one of the conditions for Washington to take Pyongyang off its terrorist list.334
Apr. 10:
The United States and South Korea held working-level talks to discuss extending the range of South Korean missiles.335
The North and South Korean governments announced that the two countries would hold a June summit meeting in Pyongyang.336
Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer praised the planned June North-South Korean summit, and announced that Australia would boost its commitment to KEDO by $1 million (approximately US $600,000).337
Apr. 15:
The United States imposed sanctions against North Korean and Iranian entities involved in Scud missile technology transfers. State Department spokesman James Rubin said, "We imposed these sanctions on North Korean and Iranian entities for the knowing transfer of equipment and technology controlled by the Missile Technology Control Regime."338
Apr. 18:
President Kim Dae Jung made a national plea urging the nation's political parties and the general public to fully cooperate and support the government in its efforts to bring the inter-Korean summit to a successful conclusion. President Kim also said his meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il would be a "great event for the whole world to celebrate" as well as a "blessing for the entire Korean people."339
South Korean Foreign Minister Lee Joung Binn said that the issue of U.S. troops in South Korea would not be the agenda at the June inter-Korean summit. Lee said that the stationing of U.S. troops in South Korea was "a matter between Seoul and Washington," and did not involve North Korea. He continued, "the U.S. military presence here is stipulated in the U.S.-South Korean mutual defense treaty, and [U.S. troops] will stay as far as we remain under a security threat."340
Apr. 22:
North and South Korea held a preliminary meeting at Panmunjom to work out procedural details for the June summit. No major agreements were reached, but the two sides agreed to meet again on April 27.341
Apr. 25:
Grand National Party leader Lee Hoi Chang agreed to cooperate with President Kim to ensure the success of the inter-Korean summit. They agreed the summit should contribute to peace, reconciliation and cooperation on the Korean peninsula.342
North Korea denounced the United States for designating it a terrorist state and said it would continue to protect Japanese Red Army fugitives. The KCNA said the issue was not a problem the United States should interfere in and said "it is the legitimate right of a sovereign state" to protect political exiles.343
John Holum, senior adviser to President Clinton on arms control, said North Korea was much closer to inter-continental ballistic missile capability than the United States is to deploying an anti-missile defense. Holum said that, because of North Korea's proximity to a long-range missile capability, the United States did not see preventive measures--such as the Missile Technology Control Regime--"as necessarily a viable alternative to achieve defense."344
Apr. 26:
The KEDO executive board met in New York to discuss how to proceed with the project. The meeting focused on assessing the project's progress and schedule, given developments such as the resumption of talks on normalizing relations between Japan and North Korea and the inter-Korean summit. Kyodo News reported that U.S. Ambassador Kartman said at the meeting that he would visit China shortly to ask the Chinese government to supply heavy fuel to North Korea through KEDO.345
Apr. 27:
During a second round of preparatory talks at Panmunjom, North and South Korea made rapid progress towards finalizing an agenda and procedures for the inter-Korean summit.346
Apr. 29:
The Japanese transport ministry approved a application by a North Korean airline to provide charter flights between Nagoya, Japan and Pyongyang, North Korea.347
May 1:
The U.S. State Department released its annual report on "Patterns of Global Terrorism-1999." North Korea was again named a state sponsor of terrorism, but Ambassador Sheehan noted there had been encouraging signs from North Korea. North Korea was listed for harboring five Japanese Red Army terrorists from a 1970 hijacking, plus issues involving links to certain terrorist organizations.348
May 3:
North and South Korean officials conducted their third round of preparatory talks for the summit in Panmunjom. Officials fell short on an agreement on procedures, but agreed to meet again.349
Grand National Party leader Lee Hoi Chang said South Korea should avoid excessive optimism on prospects for better ties with North Korea and insist on reciprocity in any agreements with Pyongyang. Lee said: "We are poised at a potential turning point in South-North relations. However, for five decades we have too often seen expectations frustrated and hopes dashed. President Kim must make sure that economic assistance is linked to genuine changes in the hostile behavior of the North."350
May 6:
South Korea's Unification Ministry announced it would provide 200,000 tonnes of fertilizer to North Korea ahead of the summit meeting. The Ministry statement said, "The government has decided again this year to provide fertilizer to North Korea on humanitarian terms with North Korea's food conditions in mind."351
May 8:
North Korea and Australia restored diplomatic relations after a 25-year freeze. Australian Foreign Minister Downer said, "Despite the concerns we have about North Korea, nevertheless we think it makes more sense to engage with them rather than ignore them...It gives us greater opportunity to encourage North Korea to engage in regional dialogue and address security concerns."352
North and South Korean officials met for a fourth round of preparatory talks for the June summit. Envoys disagreed on the agenda and the size of the press corps that will cover the summit. South Korea wanted the agenda to list economic aid, the reunion of separated families, and other topics, but North Korea wanted a broadly worded agenda that extolled the goals of peace and reunification. South Korea also proposed an 80-member press delegation, while North Korea wanted half that size.353
May 9:
The Japanese 2000 Diplomatic Blue Book noted it was "highly possible" that North Korea had completed the deployment of medium-range Nodong missiles and believed it was "likely" the nation was working to develop longer-range missiles. The Blue Book said Japan would keep intact its "balanced policy of dialogue and deterrence" in dealing with North Korea, while sustaining its efforts to normalize ties with Pyongyang.354
May 10:
Thai Foreign Minister Surin Pitsuwan said North Korean membership in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) had been secured since formal application (dated April 29) from Pyongyang had been sent to Bangkok and all 22 ARF members have welcomed the move. Surin, chairman of the ARF 2000 meeting, said the inclusion of North Korea in ARF was "a good development towards peace and stability of the Asia and Pacific region...and in line with other efforts to reestablish ties."355
U.S. Ambassador Wendy Sherman praised the preparations for the inter-Korean summit. Sherman said the planned summit was an affirmation of close ties between the United States, Japan, and South Korea. Sherman said, "The United States is absolutely gratified that indeed this historic event will take place in June, because it really reinforces the shared objectives of all three of our countries."356
Four officials from the IAEA Department of Safeguards visited Pyongyang from May 10-14 to resume discussions with North Korean officials regarding the preservation and custody of operating records of North Korea's graphite-moderated reactor at Yongbyon.357
May 11:
Nucleonics Week reported that construction work had slowed on the two LWRs in Kumho because of an ongoing feud with project management over the pay scale for North Korean workers and North Korean demands for compensation. North Korea reportedly had pulled about half of its personnel from the project.358
May 12:
The TCOG met in Tokyo. The United States, Japan and South Korea released a joint statement that said, "The delegations expressed their confidence that the summit will advance inter-Korean reconciliation and cooperation, peace on the Korean peninsula."359
May 13:
A Belgian Foreign Ministry official in charge of Asian affairs, made a four-day visit to North Korea for talks on improving bilateral relations.360
Two, four-member teams from North and South Korea held working level talks to prepare the agenda for the North-South summit. The talks covered logistics concerning telecommunications, public information, and the size of the press corps that will be allowed to attend. 361
May 14:
Japanese Prime Minister Obuchi died.
May 15:
The U.S. House of Representatives passed legislation, H.R. 4251, which would prohibit the transfer of U.S. nuclear equipment or technology to North Korea without approval of both the U.S. House and Senate. The measure passed 374-6.362
May 16-20:
A three-member mission from the British Foreign Mission visited North Korea for five days of talks on economic and other bilateral ties. North Korea said its talks with Britain aimed at improving ties were extensive and fostered mutual understanding.363
May 17:
Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori confirmed that North Korea postponed a second round of normalization talks that were scheduled for May 22-24. Mori said there was no change in Japan's policy to continue negotiations with North Korea. Chief Cabinet Secretary Mikio Aoki said a date for the next meeting had not been set, but emphasized the postponement was temporary.364
May 18:
The procedural arrangements for the June summit meeting were agreed upon at the fifth preparatory meeting at Panmunjom. Representatives signed a 15-point agreement with 31 articles. The agreement stipulated that the two leaders would meet at least three times to discuss pending issues. The agenda for the meeting reconfirmed the three major principles for unification announced by both Koreas in the July 4, 1972 Communiqué: (1) unity, (2) reconciliation, and (3) peace and cooperation.365
The House adopted the "Cox-Markey amendment" to the Defense Authorization Act. The amendment, titled "Prohibition on Assumption by United States Government of Liability for Nuclear Accidents in North Korea," would block any U.S. government entity from entering into arrangements to accept liability or extend an indemnity for nuclear accidents occurring in North Korea.366
May 19:
Senior officials from the 22 ASEAN member countries reached consensus to admit North Korea as a full member of the regional consultative group on security issues. There were no conditions set for North Korea's admission.367
May 21-23:
KEDO and North Korea held the Fifth Nuclear Safety Experts Meeting in North Korea to discuss the North Korea-KEDO joint Working Plan and a KEDO-sponsored Orientation Program for the North Korean nuclear regulator.
May 23:
Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori urged South Korea to take up the issues of missile and nuclear development during the inter-Korean summit. Mori was quoted as telling visiting South Korean Defense Minister Cho Sung Tae, "I hope the summit is successful...and expect there will be some progress on talks regarding missile and nuclear problems."368
May 24-30:
U.S. and North Korean delegations met in Rome to launch a new negotiation, called for under the Perry Report, on Agreed Framework implementation. The U.S. State Department said progress was made and the two sides also agreed to hold a preparation session for the next round of missile talks.369
May 24-27; May 30:
A 12-member team from the U.S. State Department began its second inspection trip to Kumchang-ni. On May 30 the State Department announced that the second visit to Kumchang-ni yielded no evidence of disturbing activities. State Department spokesman Philip Reeker said, "The team found conditions unchanged since the first visit a year ago in May 1999. It remains an unfinished site, the underground portion of which is an extensive, empty tunnel complex." North Korea cooperated fully and provided unhampered access during the visit.370
May 26:
The Associated Press reported that a prolonged strike by North Korean workers at the Kumho site may further delay construction of the two LWRs. North Korea had pulled half of its 200-man work force from the construction site, demanding pay hikes. Under the deal, the North Koreans have been hired for $110 per month since 1997, with annual pay hikes of no more than 2.5 percent. North Korea threatened to pull out the rest of its work force unless the pay is raised to up to $600 a month.371
May 29:
Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori met with South Korean Prime Minister Lee Han Dong and President Kim Dae Jung to discuss policies on North Korea. Mori said that the upcoming summit between the two Koreas was important for the entire region and expressed his wishes for a fruitful outcome. Mori also asked President Kim Dae Jung to convey to North Korea Japan's wish to resume normalization talks with North Korea.372
The Washington Post reported that within the past two months, workers had finished sealing the spent fuel rods in North Korea. A U.S. official said only about a dozen fuel rods were missing at the bottom of the spent fuel pool. The plutonium contained in the missing rods was far too little to build a nuclear bomb.373
June 1:
China and North Korea confirmed that North Korea's leader, Kim Jong-il, visited China for three days of secret meetings. A spokeswoman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry, Zhang Qiyue, said the two sides reached an important consensus on bilateral and regional issues of common concern. China also made new promises for food and other aid for North Korea.374
June 4:
During the opening ceremony for the 16th National Assembly term, President Kim Dae Jung said: "To promote reconciliation and cooperation between the two Koreas, both sides must make joint efforts without a break. We must look for a stepping stone before we take a leap. We strongly oppose Communism, but we are standing at a historic juncture where our brethren on both sides must move away from the age of animosity and confrontation to an era of understanding and cooperation."376
June 5:
South Korean and U.S. officials made progress in negotiating an agreement to allow South Korea to develop conventional tactical missiles with extended ranges. The two governments agreed that South Korea should be able to deploy missiles with a range of up to 300 kilometers, but still to be determined is whether South Korea should build missile prototypes with ranges longer than 300 km.377
South Korea sent the list of 130 members of the official entourage and 50 journalists who will accompany President Kim Dae Jung on his trip to Pyongyang in June. Three ministers, seven presidential secretaries, 24 leaders, and 96 other delegates mostly working-level officials will be included in the delegation.378
June6-10:
United States and North Korean defense officials resumed talks in Kuala Lumpur on recovering more than 8,100 U.S. soldiers missing in action from the Korean War.379
June 7:
Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations, composed a statement addressing the inter-Korean summit. Annan said he wholeheartedly welcomed the pace of developments on the Korean peninsula, which promised to bring about fundamental change throughout the entire region. Annan credited Kim Dae Jung's sunshine policy for creating the "regional dynamic leading to the summit."380
June 8:
President Kim Dae Jung met with President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori in Tokyo to talk about the summit. Kim said he would tell Kim Jong-il that improving ties with Japan, South Korea and the United States would help North Korea tackle its top priority issues, which are national security and economic recovery.381
Russia announced that President Vladimir Putin would visit North Korea in the near future at the official invitation of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il. Russia and North Korea will likely discuss bilateral relations, political developments in Northeast Asia, and the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad project linking the two Koreas and Russia.382
June 11:
Chong Wa Dae spokesperson Park Joon-young announced that President Kim Dae Jung had postponed his visit to Pyongyang for one day at North Korea's request. North Korea sent urgent notification via telephone requesting South Korea postpone the visit for one day, due to "unavoidable technical preparations."383
June 12:
The Seoul government issued its official position on what it hoped to achieve through the inter-Korean summit. The document stated five objectives: 1) establish a basic framework for peace, reconciliation and cooperation by expanding mutual understanding and confidence; 2) resolve Korean issues through open-minded talks between the highest authorities of both Koreas; 3) follow up the Berlin Declaration principles; 4) adopt and seek a "win-win" strategy for realizing mutual benefits; and 5) address the wishes of the international community for peace and stability on the Korean peninsula.384
June 13-15:
President Kim Dae Jung and North Korean leader Kim Jong-il met in Pyongyang for the summit. At its conclusion, The two leaders signed a five-point declaration specifying that North and South Korea would: 1) independently resolve the question of reunification; 2) accept both the South's concept of a confederation and the North's formula for a federation to promote reunification; 3) resolve humanitarian issues such as separated family members; 4) consolidate mutual trust by promoting balanced development of the national economy; and 5) hold a dialogue between relevant authorities in the near future to implement the above steps.
June 15:
The U.S. Department of Agriculture announced the donation of 50,000 tonnes of surplus U.S. commodities to the World Food Program for its emergency operation program in North Korea.385
June 19:
The United States formally announced that it had implemented the easing of sanctions on North Korea. The decision to ease sanctions was announced in September 1999 (see entry for September 17, 1999).386
The State Department announced the United States had abandoned the expression "rogue states" in favor of "states of concern."387
Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke with President Kim Dae Jung and offered Russia's help in mediating peace talks between the two Koreas. Putin congratulated the South Korean president on a successful inter-Korean summit, and reportedly "underscored Russia's determination to do all it can to create the external conditions to guarantee the agreements between the North and South."388
June 21:
The KCNA reported that North Korea pledged to refrain from long-range missile tests stating the "moratorium still remains in force." North Korea emphasized, however, that the United States should not confine itself to only a "symbolic partial lifting of sanctions on trade and investment, but completely renounce the policy hostile toward the DPRK and turn to total and substantial lift of sanctions." North Korea also proposed a meeting between North and South Red Cross organizations.389
June 22:
Coca-Cola announced it had sent a shipment of soft drinks into North Korea, becoming one of the first U.S. companies to enter into North Korea. The soft drinks will reportedly be offered in international hotels and restaurants in Pyongyang, mainly for visitors from foreign countries.390
South Korean Defense Minister Cho Song-tae told the National Assembly's Defense Committee that North Korea's military remained a threat and that there would be no change in policy unless reciprocal measures were guaranteed first. Cho suggested that there was a concern on the weakening of national security and preparedness due to confusion on how to define North Korea.391
June22-24:
Secretary of State Albright visited China and South Korea. Albright exchanged opinions regarding U.S.-South Korean common interests, such as the matter of North Korea's nuclear and missile development and the presence of the United States Forces in Korea. Albright conveyed the U.S. position to President Kim that in future North-South ministerial talks, the issue of abolishing the danger of North Korean missiles ought to be discussed.392
June 23:
An anti-U.S. protest erupted over U.S. troop presence in South Korea.393
June 28-30:
Korean Red Cross societies met at Mt. Kumgang in North Korea to discuss reuniting family members. North and South Korea signed an agreement, which allowed for 100 displaced families from both countries to meet on August 15. The meetings will take place simultaneously in Seoul and Pyongyang and last for four days. The agreement also covered the return of former pro-North Korean prisoners to North Korea.394 Immediately after the repatriation, it was decided that the two Koreas would open another round of Red Cross talks to discuss the establishment of permanent "meeting places" to make the inter-Korean family reunions regular events.
Chung Ju-yong, former honorary chairman of the Hyundai Group visited North Korea, bringing cattle and wine. Hyundai reached agreement with North Korean authorities to jointly develop the Mt. Kumgang region as a specially designated international economic zone, patterned after Silicon Valley. The Chosun Ilbo reported Hyundai and North Korean authorities hoped to transform the area into an international center for trade, finance, culture and arts.395
June 28:
The Korea Times reported that Russia proposed to work with South Korea to restart North Korea's idle thermal power plants and steel mills. In particular, the Russian proposal would have Russia provide technology to normalize the North Korean facilities, while South Korea would fund the project.396
June 29-30:
The TCOG met in Hawaii. The three delegations expressed their great satisfaction with the inter-Korean summit meeting and called for active implementation of its five points at the earliest possible date.397
June 29:
President Clinton certified three requirements to obtain KEDO funding worth $20 million. Clinton certified that the effort to can and safely store all spent fuel from North Korea's nuclear reactors had been successfully concluded; that North Korea was complying with its obligations under the agreement regarding access to suspect underground construction; and the U.S. had made and was continuing to make significant progress on eliminating North Korea's ballistic missile threat, including further tests and exports. Clinton waived the requirement that North Korea had terminated its nuclear weapons program, including all efforts to acquire, develop, test, produce or deploy such weapons.398
June 30:
South Korea's National Defense Ministry said it would revise several terms, such as "North Korea puppet" or "puppet military," which were used to refer to North Korea and the North Korean military. North Korean leader Kim Jong-il will also be referred to as National Defense Commission Chairman Kim Jong-il. The National Defense Ministry planned to use the revised guidelines in all newly published books and official documents.399
Notes
Notes for April 2000
328 "Light-Water Reactor Project Proceeding under the TKC," Quarterly Bulletin of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, Second Quarter 2000.
329 "Admiral Blair Briefing on Korea, India-Pakistan, China-Taiwan," Department of State, Office of International Information Programs, April 4, 2000.
330 Howard French, "Japan Premier Suffers Stroke; Stand-in Named," New York Times, April 4, 2000.
331 Park Jong-hoon, "Japan-NK Talks Scheduled for April 4," Chosun Ilbo, March 22, 2000.
332 "Light-Water Reactor Project Proceeding under the TKC," Quarterly Bulletin of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, Second Quarter 2000.
333 You Sang-chol, "North-South Working-Level Talks to be held in April," JoongAng Ilbo, April 12, 2000.
334 Akinori Uchida, "Washington calls for Pyongyang action in abductions," Yomiuri Shimbun, April 7, 2000.
335 Lee Young-jong, "Talks on Extending Range of South Korean Missiles," JoongAng Ilbo, April 7, 2000.
336 Doug Struck, "2 Koreas Agree to Historic Summit," Washington Post, April 9, 2000.
337 "Australia welcomes Korean summit, boosts KEDO commitment," Associated Press, April 10, 2000.
338 Christophe de Roquefeuil, "Penalties tag Iran, N.Korea exports," Washington Times, April 15, 2000.
339 "Pres. Kim calls for cooperation for inter-Korean summit," Associated Press, April 18, 2000.
340 "Summit Agenda to Exclude issue of US Troops in S.Korea," Agence France Presse, April 18, 2000.
341 Sang-hun Choe, "South, North meet at Peace House on plans for summit," Washington Times, April 23, 2000.
342 "S.Korea's Kim says has opposition support on summit," Reuters, April 24, 2000.
343 "NKorea-US," Associated Press, April 25, 2000.
344 Anthony Goodman, "N.Korea said closer to ICBM than U.S. is to defense," Reuters, April 25, 2000.
345 "U.S. to ask China to supply N.Korea with Fuel oil," Kyodo News, April 27, 2000.
346 Kyong-Hwa Seok, "S.Korea Cites Summit Progress," Associated Press, April 28, 2000.
347 Kazunori Takada, "Japan, N.Korea flights to resume this week," Reuters, April 26, 2000.
Notes for May 2000
348 Keiji Urakami, "North Korea could be off terrorist list," Associated Press, May 1, 2000.
349 Jean Yoon, "North, S. Korea meeting seen minor setback," Reuters, May 3, 2000.
350 Jason Neely, "Korea opposition leader urges caution on North," Reuters, May 3, 2000.
351 "South Korea Sending Aid to Starving North," New York Times, May 6, 2000.
352 Belinda Goldsmith, "Australia resumes ties with North Korea," Reuters, May 8, 2000.
353 Kyong-Hwa Seok, "Koreas-Summit," Associated Press, May 8, 2000.
354 "Japan sees N.Korea making longer-range missiles," Associated Press, May 8, 2000.
355 "Pyongyang assured of ARF membership, Surin says," Associated Press, May 10, 2000.
356 Chrisotpher Torchia, "Koreas-Summit," Associated Press, May 10, 2000.
357 Mark Hibbs, "DPRK Slowing down the Pace of PWR Site Construction Work," Nucleonics Week, May 11, 2000.
358 Mark Hibbs, "DPRK Slowing down the Pace of PWR Site Construction Work," Nucleonics Week, May 11, 2000.
359 "U.S., Japan, S.Korea hail N.Korea's diplomatic move," Reuters, May 12, 2000.
360 "Belgian official to visit N. Korea on Saturday," Associated Press, May 12, 2000.
361 "2 Koreas hold working-level talks on summit," Associated Press, May 12, 2000.
362 Jim Abrams, "House Wants Say on N. Korea Nukes," Associated Press, May 15, 2000.
363 "North Korea says had extensive talks with Britain," Reuters, May 31, 2000.
364 "Mori confirms postponement of Japan-North Korea talks," Associated Press, May 17, 2000.
365 Kim Min-bai, "Procedures for Summit Talks Agreed," Chosun Ilbo, May 18, 2000.
366 Philip Finnegan, "House Challenges Clinton's Aid Policy Toward N.Korea," Defense News, June 5, 2000.
367 "ARF agrees to admit N. Korea in July," Associated Press, May 19, 2000.
368 "Mori urges S. Korea to take up missile, nuke issues," Associated Press, May 23, 2000.
369 "North Korea - Talks in Rome," Department of State Press Statement, Office of the Spokesman, May 30, 2000.
370 "U.S. inspects North Korean Military Site," New York Times, May 31, 2000.
371 Jae-Suk Yoo, "N.Korea Reactors May be Delayed," Associated Press, May 26, 2000.
372 Hae Won Choi, "Japan hopes to reopen talks with N.Korea," Reuters, May 29, 2000.
373 Steve Mufson, "Threat of 'Rogue' States: Is It Reality or Rhetoric?" Washington Post, May 29, 2000.
Notes for June 2000
374 Erik Eckholm, "North Korean in China for 3 Secret Days," New York Times, June 2, 2000.
375 "US welcomes North Korean leader's visit to China," Reuters, June 1, 2000.
376 Lee Chang-sup, "Kim Urges Step-by-Step Approach in Solving Inter-Korean Issues," Korea Times, June 5, 2000.
377 Philip Finnegan, "S.Korea, U.S. Slowly Advance to Missile Pact," Defense News, June 5, 2000.
378 Kim Ji-ho, "Seoul unveils summit delegation list," Korea Herald, June 5, 2000.
379 "U.S.-N.Korea talks set for June 6-10 in Malaysia," Reuters, June 1, 2000.
380 Shin Jung-don, "Special Message from UN Secretary-General," JoongAng Ilbo, June 7, 2000.
381 Naoko Aoki and Maya Kaneko, "Kim to urge N.Korea to improve ties," Associated Press, June 8, 2000.
382 "Seoul welcomes Putin's visit to North Korea," Korea Herald, June 10, 2000.
383 Kim Jin-kook, "President Kim's NK Visit Postponed One day," JoongAng Ilbo, June 11, 2000.
384 Lee Chang-sup, "Seoul Unveils Basic Position on S-N Summit," Korea Times, June 12, 2000.
385 "USDA Donation to World Food Program for North Korea," Department of State Press Statement, Office of the Spokesman, June 15, 2000.
386 Department of State Daily Press Briefing, Spokesman Richard Boucher, June 19, 2000.
387 Department of State Daily Press Briefing, Spokesman Richard Boucher, June 19, 2000.
388 "Russia offers help on Korea talks," Associated Press, June 19, 2000.
389 "U.S. urged to take step for total and substantial lift of sanctions," KCNA, June 21, 2000.
390 "First cases of Coca-cola arrive in North Korea," Washington Times, June 22, 2000.
391 Jung Kwon-hyun, "Defence Minister Insists on No Policy Change," Chosun Ilbo, June 22, 2000.
392 Kim Min-bai, "President Confers with Secretary Albright," Chosun Ilbo, June 23, 2000.
393 Christopher Torchia, "Protest refocuses scrutiny on U.S.," Washington Times, June 23, 2000.
394 Kim Min-bai, "Red Cross Talks Sign Agreement," Chosun Ilbo, June 30, 2000.
395 Lee Kwang-hoi, "Hyundai to Develop Mt. Kumgang as Special Economic Zone," Chosun Ilbo, June 30, 2000.
396 "Russia proposes working with South to restart moribund facilities in North," Korea Herald, July 3, 2000.
397 "Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group Meeting," Department of State Press Statement, Office of the Spokesman, June 30, 2000.
398 "N.Korea-Nuclear," Associated Press, July 1, 2000.
399 Kim Min-seok, "South and North refine terms for each other after summit," JoongAng Ilbo, June 30, 2000.